Geography Topics
Undergraduate level — Geography
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Earth Basics
Maps, Latitude & Longitude
Geomorphology
Climatology
Oceanography
Biogeography
Human Geography
Economic Geography
Environment Geography
Advanced Theories and Models
Physical Geography
Indian Geography
World Geography
Geography of Bihar
Climate & Environment
quiz Questions
Q61
Which geomorphic hazard represents a subglacial volcanic eruption mechanism where rapid subglacial melting creates a massive, catastrophic flood wave?
Lahar
Jökulhlaup
Pyroclastic density current
Debris avalanche
Explanation
A jökulhlaup is a catastrophic subglacial outburst flood triggered by subglacial volcanic eruptions melting large volumes of ice rapidly.
Q62
What sedimentary structure characterizes the base of a turbidity current sequence (Bouma sequence), reflecting extreme instantaneous scouring of soft underlying mud matrices?
Symmetrical wave ripples
Flute casts
Desiccation cracks
Stromatolite laminae
Explanation
Flute casts are elongated, tongue-like scoops scoured out by turbulent fluid flows moving across soft mud substrates, subsequently filled by coarser sediment grains.
Q63
Which micro-geomorphic feature is formed along arid windward stone faces due to the localized chemical leaching and mechanical scouring by sand grains, generating honeycomb cavities?
Yardangs
Tafoni
Zeugens
Deflation hollows
Explanation
Tafoni are cavernous, honeycomb-like weathering features common on rock faces in arid or coastal environments, driven by salt crystallization and eolian sand abrasion.
Q64
According to the principle of isostasy, what occurs when a mountain range loses a 1,000-meter vertical thickness of rock mass to long-term subaerial denudation?
The mountain root sinks deeper into the asthenosphere
The lithosphere undergoes crustal rebound, rising to offset most of the eroded mass
The Moho discontinuity moves upwards toward the surface instantaneously
The gravitational anomaly becomes highly positive
Explanation
Isostatic rebound compensates for erosion loss; because the crustal root is more buoyant than the mantle, the lithosphere rises to compensate for roughly 80% of the lost eroded thickness.
Q65
Which volcanic feature forms when a basaltic lava flow enters the sea, cooling rapidly to produce interconnected, glassy, ellipsoidal basalt structures?
Aa lava flows
Pillow basalts
Pahoehoe toes
Columnar joints
Explanation
Pillow basalts are characteristic subaqueous lava structures that form when basaltic lavas extrude directly into water, quenching the outer skin instantly.
Q66
What type of mass wasting phenomenon occurs within periglacial landscapes during summer, when the active layer of permafrost thaws and flows slowly downslope over impervious frozen subsoil?
Rock avalanche
Solifluction
Liquefaction
Slump slump failure
Explanation
Solifluction is the downslope movement of water-saturated soil, a process particularly common in periglacial environments where permafrost forms an impermeable subsoil barrier to drainage.
Q67
Which landscape evolution model proposed that slope recession maintains a constant angle rather than flattening over time, contradicting William Morris Davis’s cycle?
Davisian Peneplanation model
Penck’s Slope Replacement model
King’s Pediplanation model
Hack’s Dynamic Equilibrium theory
Explanation
Walther Penck’s model argued that slopes recede parallel to themselves at a constant angle during continuous uplift phases, creating pediments and endrumphs.
Q68
What geomorphic structure is formed by an active subglacial stream channel, leaving behind a winding, elongated ridge composed of stratified sand and gravel after the glacier retreats?
Drumlin
Esker
Kame
Moraine ridge
Explanation
An esker is a long, narrow, winding ridge of stratified drift deposited by subglacial meltwater streams flowing within ice tunnels.
Q69
What plate tectonic mechanism accounts for the alignment of the Hawaiian Islands, showing a linear age progression from youngest in the southeast to oldest in the northwest?
Continental rift propagation
Movement of an oceanic plate over a stationary mantle hotspot
Transform fault displacement along ridge segments
Oblique collisional crustal delamination
Explanation
A stationary mantle plume (hotspot) over which an overriding oceanic plate moves records a volcanic chain showing linear age variations.
Q70
Which structural feature refers to a high-angle normal fault block that has been dropped down relative to the blocks on either side, bounded by conjugate faults?
Horst
Graben
Monocline
Anticlinorium
Explanation
A graben is a depressed block of land bordered by parallel normal faults. A horst is an uplifted block.