Indian Polity Topics

All statements are correct. Statement 1 reflects the safeguard added by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, requiring a written decision from the Cabinet for a National Emergency under Article 352. Under Article 356, Parliament must approve President's rule within two months (Statement 2). Under Article 360, Financial Emergency operates indefinitely until revoked since no maximum period is prescribed for its operation (Statement 3).

The Central Vigilance Commissioner and Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the President, but the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) as an administrative body is formed under the CVC Act. More directly, Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) or the National Development Council were created by executive resolutions of the Government/Cabinet, not directly under constitutional mandates assigned to the President like the Finance Commission (Article 280), UPSC (Article 315), or Inter-State Council (Article 263). Looking at administrative bodies, the Planning Commission / NITI Aayog is constituted by a Union Cabinet resolution.

According to the President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969, in the event of concurrent vacancies in the offices of both the President and the Vice-President, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) or, in his absence, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court of India available, shall discharge the duties of the President.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Under Article 72, the President is the exclusive authority to grant pardon in sentences passed by a Court Martial and has sole power to completely pardon a death sentence (Governors under Article 161 can only suspend, remit, or commute a death sentence, but cannot completely pardon it). Statement 3 is incorrect because the Supreme Court has ruled that a petitioner seeking mercy under Article 72 does not possess a constitutional right to an oral hearing by the President.

The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 introduced severe safeguards against emergency power execution, substituting 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion' under Article 352. This eliminated the vagueness of the term previously utilized to declare the 1975 emergency configuration.

Article 103(2) mandates that before giving any decision on disqualification parameters under Article 102(1) (such as holding an office of profit or unsound mind), the President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission of India and shall act according to such opinion.

Statement 2 is correct under Article 80, which allows the President to nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha based on literature, science, art, and social service parameters. Statement 1 is incorrect because the provision to nominate two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha under Article 331 was explicitly discontinued by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.

The value of an MLA's vote is calculated mathematically by taking the total population of the state (currently indexed to the 1971 census standard metrics) and dividing it by the total number of elected members in the State Legislative Assembly, and then dividing the quotient by 1000.

The President of India has situational discretion in the appointment of a Prime Minister when no single party or clear coalition commands an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. Promulgating ordinances (Article 123) or withholding assent to Money Bills are actions bound strictly by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.

An ordinance issued under Article 123 cannot amend or repeal the Constitution of India; constitutional amendments must follow the strict procedure prescribed under Article 368. An ordinance is co-extensive with Parliament's legislative power regarding subjects, and the President's satisfaction is subject to judicial review as established in Supreme Court rulings.