General Science Topics

Energy consumed is given by Power (kW) × Time (hours). Converting power to kW: 2200 W = 2.2 kW. Energy = 2.2 kW × 5 hours = 11 kWh or 11 units.

Souring of milk is a chemical change because lactose sugar converts into lactic acid via microbial action, forming a new substance with entirely different properties that cannot be reversed by simple physical methods.

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive genetic mutation that leads to a severe deficiency or absolute absence of blood clotting factors VIII or IX, resulting in prolonged bleeding from minor injuries.

6G wireless technology targeting the 2030s enters the Terahertz (THz) frequency band spectrum (100 GHz to 3 THz), delivering ultra-low latency and peak data rates approaching 1 Terabit per second.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) has an affinity for hemoglobin that is roughly 200 times higher than oxygen. It binds tightly to create carboxyhemoglobin, inducing cellular hypoxia and toxic asphyxiation.

When light travels into a rarer medium, its propagation velocity increases due to a lower optical index, causing the refracted ray to bend entirely away from the normal line.

Bakelite is a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin polymer that undergoes chemical cross-linking upon initial curing, making its structural matrix permanently rigid and heat-resistant.

The SA node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, located inside the right atrium. It spontaneously generates electrical impulses that spread across cardiac muscle cells to initiate synchronized contractions.

The total time for the round trip is 2 microseconds (2 × 10⁻⁶ s). The time to reach the back wall is half of this, t = 1 × 10⁻⁶ s. Distance (thickness) = velocity × time = 6000 m/s × 10⁻⁶ s = 0.006 meters = 6 mm.

The carboxyl group is -COOH, consisting of a carbonyl group single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. When it loses a proton, the resulting carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance between two oxygen atoms, making it acidic.